Endocrine & Metabolic

Type 2 diabetes from metformin to the second agent, A1c targets by patient, thyroid labs and titration, prediabetes, obesity and osteoporosis.

Articles

Thyroid Labs and Levothyroxine Titration: TSH Patterns, Starting Doses and Recheck TimingRead TSH and free T4 patterns, start levothyroxine at 1.6 mcg/kg or 12.5 to 25 mcg with heart disease, adjust …10 min read

Prediabetes: Diagnosis Thresholds, Lifestyle Prescription and When Metformin Is ReasonablePrediabetes is A1c 5.7 to 6.4, fasting glucose 100 to 125 or OGTT 140 to 199. Who to screen, the 5 to 7 percen…9 min read

Osteoporosis in Primary Care: Who to Screen, Reading the T-Score, FRAX and First-Line TreatmentScreen women 65 and up by DXA, diagnose osteoporosis at a T-score of -2.5 or lower, treat osteopenia at FRAX h…10 min read

Type 2 Diabetes on the NP Exam: Starting Metformin and Choosing the Second AgentStart metformin at the labeled dose, apply the eGFR rules, then pick the second agent by ASCVD, heart failure,…10 min read

A1c Targets by Patient: Age, Comorbidity, Hypoglycemia Risk and What the Exam ExpectsADA 2026 A1c goals by patient: under 7 percent by default, under 6.5 when safe, under 8 when frail, and no num…9 min read